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原文連結
論文資訊
- 類型：已發表論文
- 日期：2003
摘要
The study of complex adaptive systems, a subset of 非線性 dynamical systems, has recently become a major focus of interdisciplinary research in the 社會 and natural sciences. 非線性 systems are ubiquitous; as mathematician Stanislaw Ulam observed, to speak of "非線性 science" is like calling zoology the study of "nonelephant animals" (quoted in Campbell et al. 1985, p. 374). The initial phase of research on 非線性 systems focused on deterministic 混沌, but more recent studies have investigated the properties of self-organizing systems or anti-混沌. For mathematicians and physicists, the biggest surprise is that complexity lurks within extremely simple systems. For biologists, it is the idea that 自然選擇 is not the sole source of order in the 生物 world. In the 社會 sciences, it is suggested that 湧現-the idea that c
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