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原文連結
論文資訊
- 類型：已發表論文
- 日期：2014-06-02
摘要
Banzhaf provides a portal to the subject of 湧現, noting contentious concepts while not getting sucked into fruitless debate. Banzhaf refutes arguments against downward causation much as Samuel Johnson kicks a stone to refute Berkeley—by pointing to concrete examples in 遺傳 programming, such as the growth of repetitive patterns within programs. Repetitive patterns are theoretically predicted to emerge from the 演化 of evolvability and robustness under subtree exchange. Selection and 遺傳 operators are co-equal creators of these emergent phenomena. GP systems entirely formal, and thus their emergent phenomena are essentially 數學. The 湧現 of Lagrangian distributions for tree shapes under subtree exchange, for example, gives a glimpse of the possibilities for 數學 understanding of 湧現 in GP. The mathemat
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